Accountability in Education: An introduction to the DEISPI system

The introduction of successive acts for education reform in India, most notably, the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) in 2002 and the Right to Education Act (RtE) in 2009 has led to increased access to elementary education in the country. Gross Enrollment Rate (GER) has increased, the gender gap between boys and girls in primary schools has been reduced, and schemes such as the provision of mid-day meals has ensured that the children stay in schools.

While this looks good on paper, it is a generally known truth that the quality of education imparted in most of our schools continues to remain sub-par. An assessment by the non-governmental organization Pratham revealed that 40% of students in Class 5 are unable to read a book prescribed for Class 2 students. 57% of the students are unable to solve arithmetic sums prescribed for a Class 2 student.

According to a 2007 report, of the 294 districts identified as educationally backward, 135 are Tribal, Border, Hilly and Forested districts (TBHF). In a bid to improve the quality of education in these districts, Pragya has piloted an Education Management Information System (EMIS) across 330 schools in 11 TBHF Districts in the region. Although various EMIS already exist, we developed a Dynamic Education Information System for Planning and Improvement (DEISPI) suited to the needs of these remote regions.

What is DEISPI?

Simply put, DEISPI is a set of data collection tools that enable us to evaluate the schools across three parameters: student development, quality of instruction, and school operations and management.

Student Development is measured in basic literacy, basic numeracy, basic cognitive skills, social behavioral development and emotional behavioral development. This is compared to a level considered the basic or standard for the age.

Quality of instruction is based on the response of the students and parents and is measured in instructional clarity, knowledge of the subject etc.

School Operations and Management quality is gauged by finding out whether the institution meets the basic minimum level of physical infrastructure, whether it has separate facilities for Children with Special Needs (CWSN), availability of Teacher Learning Materials etc.

The Bare Foot Monitors (BFM) trained for the purpose enables the collection of data. Workshops are conducted at the district level with the help of the District Education Office and monitoring through the Village Education Centers (VECs) The data collected with the help of the community helps in monitoring the quality of education in schools across the target district.

Case study

Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand, one of the two districts in the Himalayas where the DEISPI project is currently running, has some of the highest literacy rates in the country. According to the 2011 census, the literacy rate for Rudraprayag is 81.30 %, against the state average of 79.63 %, and well above the national average of 64.8%. Uttarakhand ranks among the top ten states when it comes to literacy levels in the country.

In a district level discussion held at Rudraprayag, where the DEISPI is being piloted in 30 schools, a number of issues were brought forth. The need for at least one residential school for Children with Special Needs (CWSN) was felt. Besides calling for a greater involvement of the parents in the school system, the assertion was made, contrary to popular belief, that the teachers at the private schools were generally more qualified and better trained than the teachers at the government schools. In the meetings held at the Village Education Councils (VECs) the villagers asked questions about the infrastructure of the schools, the quality of instruction, the student-teacher ratio etc.

During the assessment by Pragya, we learnt that many schools face issues that affect the learning of the students. One school, which stood out from the rest, is the Government Primary School in Khat village, Ukimath. The school, which has 35 students and one teacher, was holding its classes in a nearby lodge after the original school building was damaged in the 2013 floods that hit Uttarakhand. Despite the adverse circumstances, the teacher was very supportive, and the school emerged with high scores across all parameters. The parents of the students, concerned about the learning levels of the students, were enthusiastic in their participation and support of the DEISPI program. The team at Pragya advised both the parents and the teachers on ways in which to increase the learning levels according to the DEISPI parameters.

The Public Education System in India, particularly primary education, is one of the largest and most complex in the world. What the DEISPI does, by making the various stakeholders: students, parents, and teachers part of the system is to make the education system more accountable.